The+Nervous+System


 * **28.2 HOMEOSTASIS**

-Homeostasis is essential for living things to be able to stay alive (Nowicki 858) (Susan). -Ex: Constant in internal temperature, fluid balance… (Nowicki 858) (Susan). -Ex: When your body temperature is higher than usual, you automatically sweat to cool the temperature down. This is an example of maintaining Homeostasis because by sweating, the body is trying to lower the temperature down into its ideal range (Susan).
 * Homeostasis** is the maintenance of constant internal conditions of the body (Nowicki 858) (Susan).

Homeostasis is regulated by the control systems which consist of 4 parts (Nowicki 859) (Susan): -//Sensor:// gather information of internal and external conditions (Nowicki 859) (Susan). -//Control// //Center////:// Get information from //Sensor//, and then compare it to the body’s ideal set of information (Nowicki 859) (Susan). -//Communication systems:// send messages to //targets// to signal Homeostasis (Nowicki 859) (Susan). -//Targets:// respond to the messages by creating Homeostasis (Nowicki 859) (Susan).

**-Negative feedback:** body responses when internal conditions are far above or far below the body’s ideal set ranges to maintain homeostasis (Nowicki 860) (Susan). +Ex: When you are cold, you shiver. This action helps to warm up your body (Susan).
 * Feedback** are information received through //sensor// that //control center// use to compare to body’s ideal set ranges (Nowicki 859) (Susan).



**-Positive feedback:** cause changes in body’s ideal set ranges to adapt to certain conditions. (Nowicki 861) (Susan) +Ex: When you cut your finger, the body produce amount of clots much higher than it normally would to seal the wound (Susan).


 * **29.1 COMMUNICATION**

Nervous system and Endocrine system maintain homeostasis by helping different parts of the bodies to communicate (Nowicki 874) (Susan). Different systems of the bodies communicate through stimulus (Nowicki 874) (Susan). **-Stimulus** signals different systems to make changes that maintain homeostasis (Nowicki. 874) (Susan).

-Control quick processes through electrical and chemical signals (Nowicki 875) (Susan). -Consist of 2 parts (Nowicki 874) (Susan): +**Central Nervous System:** brain and spinal cord (Nowicki 875) (Susan). +**Peripheral** **Nervous System:** branches of nerves connected to CNS and different systems of the body (Nowicki 875) (Susan). __Differences between CNS and PNS: __ Central nervous system sorts the information and Peripheral nervous system put the information together as stimulus then sends them to different part of bodies (Nowicki 874) (Susan).
 * Nervous System** are made of connected network of tissues that controls thinking, detecting internal and external conditions, and send stimulus to different systems and signal them to perfo (Nowicki. 874) (Susan).

-Control slow processes through chemical signals (Nowicki 875) (Susan).
 * Endocrine System** includes separated organs that communicate through bloodstreams that linked them together (Nowicki 874) (Susan).


 * **29.2 NEURONS (Chloe) **

Neurons are highly specialized cells of the nervous system (Nowicki). 3 kinds of neurons:  Sensory neurons (PNS): recognize any stimuli and bring signals, or impulses, to the CNS (Nowicki)  Interneurons (CNS): transmit and process signals in the brain and spinal cord (Nowicki)  Motor neurons (PNS): receive messeges from the CNS and carry out a response in a muscle or organ (Nowicki)

(Freudenrich ) 3 parts of a neuron: Cell body has nucleus and organelles (Nowicki) Dendrites receive impulses (Nowicki) Axons carries impulses (covered by Schwann cells) (Nowicki)

("Neuron Creations." ) Schwann cell, synapse, and terminal help transmit signals (Nowicki). Resting potential: more Na+ outside of cell and more K+ inside of cell (Nowicki) Action potential: generated by a stimulus, Na+ enters the cell and positively charge it, then K+ leaves and the positive charge moves <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">(Nowicki)

(<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; line-height: 32px;">"Visual Pathways.") Chemical signals: Impulses approaches the terminal and neurotransmitters are released into the synapse and they stimulate the next cell <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">(Nowicki)

( "Braaaiins!!!!!")


 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">29.4 CNS AND PNS (Chloe) **

<span style="display: inline ! important; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> The sensory neuron first transfer the any impulse (pain, etc.) and the PNS passes that impulse to the CNS (Nowicki). The CNS then understands the impulse and send it back to the PNS to create a response (Nowicki).

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The CNS uses the brain, brain stem, and spinal cord to process information <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">(Nowicki). The brain has three parts: cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem (Nowicki). The cerebrum is the most visual part that controls thought, movement, and emotion (Nowicki). The cerebellum is at the back of the brain near the ears that keep your body balanced (Nowicki). The brain stem is further divided into three parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata (Nowicki). The midbrain controls reflexes, pons controls breathing, and the medulla oblongata controls heart function, swallowing, and coughing (Nowicki) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">The spinal cord, the long part of the CNS that is protected by the spine, controls reflexes that doesn't involve the brain (Nowicki). Any pain from the outside will be sent by the sensory neuron to the spinal cord, and it directs that impulse (pain) to the motor neuron which signals your muscle to move as a reaction (Nowicki).

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 32px; text-align: center;">("Anatomy of the Brain.") (**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 32px;">"Effective Workplace") ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The PNS includes four systems of nerves that collect and transmit information <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">(Nowicki) <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 18px;">Somatic nervous system controls intended movements (Nowicki). Autonomic nervous system controls unintended movements, functions and is furthur divided into opposite sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system (Nowicki). The sympathetic system controls action and stress, while the parasympathetic system controls relaxation and energy conservation (Nowicki). Reflex arc is the term for the impulse movement from sensory neuron to the spinal cord and then motor neuron <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">( <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 32px;">"Nervous System - Reflexes.").

(<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; font-weight: normal; line-height: 32px;">Galbraith) **

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Information ** <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">"Endocrine System - Endocrine System." //InnerBody.com | Human Body, Anatomy Charts, Anatomical Models//. HowToMedia, Inc. Web. 15 May 2011. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">"nervous system." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">. Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. Web. 15 May. 2011 .  <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> "Nervous System - Reflexes." //Science: Human Body and Mind//. BBC. Web. 15 May 2011. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Nowicki, Stephen. McDougal Littell Biology. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2008. Print. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Nowicki, Stephen. "Mechanisms of Homeostasis." //McDougal Littell Biology//. Evanston, IL: <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">McDougal Littell, 2008. 858-61. Print. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Nowicki, Stephen. "How Organ Systems Communicate." //McDougal Littell Biology//. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2008. 874-75. Print.
 * **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">WORKS CITED **

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">//Sweating//. Digital image. //Drugs Information Online//. Drugs Information Online. Web. 16 May 2011. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">//Shivering//. Digital image. //Medicine World//. Medicine World Organization. Web. 16 May 2011. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">//Blood Clotting//. Digital image. //The Encyclopedia of Science//. Web. 16 May 2011. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> "Anatomy of the Brain." //Oregon Health and Science University//. Web. 15 May 2011. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: normal;">"Braaaiins!!!!! Part II: It's Electric Boogie Woogie Woogie." //Bioluminate//. Web. 15 May 2011. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 115%;"> "Effective Workplace Communication with Employees with Acquired Brain Injury." //FaHCSIA Internet Home Page//. Web. 15 May 2011. <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 32px;">Freudenrich, Craig. "How Your Brain Works." // Discovery Health //. Web. 15 May 2011. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Galbraith, Murray. "Brandyn Wicklund: Stress Reduction: Cultivate More Energy Than You Spend."//Path Program//. Web. 15 May 2011. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 32px;">"Neuron Creations." // WikiEducator //. Web. 15 May 2011. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 21px;">//Peripheral Nervous System//. Digital image. //Science// //City//. Oxford University Press (China) Ltd. Web. 15 May 2011. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; line-height: 32px;">"Visual Pathways." // Cognitive and Linguisitice Sciences //. Web. 15 May 2011. Vorvick, Linda J. //Central Neverous System//. Digital image. //Medline Plus//. National
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Pictures **

**<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">LINKS ** <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">(Chloe) Brain and Nervous System from Kid's Health <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">(Chloe) Nervous System from InnerBody <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">(Chloe) Nervous System from Wikipedia <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">(Chloe) Nervous System: CNS and PNS from PATTS <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[|(Susan) Homeostasis The Feedback Cycle] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">[|(Susan) Nervous System Diagram] [|(Susan) How nervous system work]