The+Immune+System


 * THE IMMUNE SYSTEM**



More information about Pathogen, ** [|[Amy Pathogen]]  ** Different type of pathogen: bacteria, virus, fungi… ( Nowicki, 942) [Cathy] The most commonly spread pathogens are bacteria and virus. People usually mistake them which are which. Below here are the differences and similarities between them: [Cathy] Our immune also have different ways to defend against bacteria and virus. Our body produce antibodies to attack the membrane of bacteria, stop them do their function. But virus do not have a membrane, so our body produce another protein to defend against virus is interferon. (Nowicki, 947) [Amy]
 * Immune system** is a body system that specialized in protectingour body from pathogens [Cathy], foreign invaders that is harmful for our body such as virus or bacteria [Amy].
 * **Similarities ** ||  **Differences **  ||
 *  Both reproduce || Virus: not alive, single-celled ( Nowicki, 942), reproduce by its host, very small, simple organelle ||
 * Harmful to human ||  ||
 * Destroyed healthy cells || Bacteria: alive, “disease-causing strand of DNA or RNA” ( Nowicki, 942), reproduced by its by themselves, very big, complex organelle ||
 * Can’t see by normal eyes ||  ||



· Skin - physical barrier help block pathogen ( Nowicki, 945) · Mucous membrane - (nose, eyes) have hair-liked body call cilia that filter harmful substances from the outside environment coming in ( Nowicki, 945)
 * Many ti****ssues and organ are involved in the im****mune systemsuch as:** [Amy]

__White blood cells help kill the pathogen: 6 types of white blood cell (__ Nowicki, __946):__ See how you Immune system work and general informations ** [|[Amy How your Immune System]]  **
 * Cells that kill pathogen:** [Cathy]
 * **NAME** || **FUNCTION** ||
 * **Basophil** || make chemicals that cause inflammation in the bloodstream ||
 * **Mast cell** || makes chemicals that cause inflammation in other body tissues ||
 * **Neutrophil** || engulfs pathogens and foreign invaders; phagocyte ||
 * **Macrophage** || engulf dead or damaged body cells and some bacteria; phagocyte ||
 * **Lymphocyte** || destroys injected body cells or produces proteins that inactivate pathogens ||
 * **Eosinophil** || injects poisonous packets into parasites, such as protozoa ||

2 basic one are: [Amy] Phagocyte - “cell eater”; surround the pathogens and eat them ( Nowicki, 946) Lymphocyte - there’re 2 type of lymphocyte ( Nowicki, 946)  T cells: when antigen come in our body, T cells, the main player in cellular immunity will come and attack the antigen and other infected site (Nowicki,946)

B cells: destroy the infected cellmake protein to protect body cell when phagocytes is not activate yet ( Nowicki, 946)



__Proteins assist fight against pathogens:__ Antibodies: “daughter of B cell” destroy pathogen in 3 different ways make them inactive ( Nowicki, 947). First way: bind to pathogen membrane ( Nowicki, 947). Second one: clump the pathogen ( Nowicki, 947). Third one: activate complement protein, a type of protein that weakens pathogen membrane ( Nowicki, 947). [Cathy] Interferon: protein that stop viruses to produce ( Nowicki, 947) [Amy]



There are three different ways how they can do this. The first two reactions are from our body. They are call passive immunity and active immunity ( Nowicki, 948). Immunity means being protected from something. Passive immunity: invaders are automatically killed without the body knowing ( Nowicki, 948) [Cathy]
 * How can a person prevent themselves from getting sick?**

Active immunity: acquired immunity that our body produces to response to infected pathogen ( Nowicki, 948) [Amy]

Vaccination: injected vaccine contains “antigens of pathogens” which later help to kill if the pathogen attack you ( Nowicki, 956) [Cathy]

__Nonspecific response (same for every pathogen) example (__ Nowicki, __950):__ Antigens: protein marker that help the immune system figure out whether is it foreign cell or virus ( Nowicki, 951) [Amy]
 * Immune system has nonspecific and specific responses:**

Inflammation: when our body has redness, sore or symptoms that “increased the warmth of affected site” when the blood vessels have little hole, so the white blood cells push out infected substance ( Nowicki, 950) [Cathy]

Fever: stimulate white blood cells develop to be stronger (low fever) ( Nowicki, 951) [Cathy]

Easy to understand about Immune system by video **[ [|Amy Immune system video]]  **



__Specific responses (at cellular level) example (__ Nowicki, __952 - 953):__ Cellular immunity: type of active immunity use T cells [Amy]  · When a pathogen enters the body, the phagocyte determines them and “eats" them. But when the pathogen is inside the phagocyte, its antigens appear at the membrane of the phagocyte. That's phagocyte named antigen-presenting cell.  · Then, T cell found out and holds that antigen-presenting cell. That antigen-presenting cells produces proteins that used to activate T cell  <span style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"> · Once the T cell is activated, it divides itself into two different cell: activated and memory. Activated T cell used to attack the infection, memory T cell also used to attack the infection but later on. <span style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"> · The activated T cell attacks and kills the infected cell.

Humoral immunity: type of active immunity use B cells [Cathy] <span style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"> · A B cell eats the pathogen when it binds that B cell. Also, the antigens of that pathogen appear on the membrane of B cell. <span style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"> · Once a T cell meets and binds that antigen-presenting B cell, T cell produces protein that can activate the B cell. Then, B cell also divides into two cell: activate and memory <span style="line-height: 14.25pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -18pt;"> · Activated B cell releases antibodies can make the pathogen bunch up. As the result, phagocytes eat that bunch of pathogens.

White blood cells sometimes cause tissue rejection after an organ or tissue transplant because there’re too many differ between the donor’s tissue and recipient’s tissue. White blood cells antigen receptors recognized the differences between them, that’s why the immune system won’t fight against the foreign organ. [Amy]

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) – a retrovirus When HIV first enters body, T cells activated the B cell to make antibodies against HIV. But HIV quickly kill both T cell and reproduce themselves, the number of T cells number keep decrease and decrease. Over time, more and more T cells are infected so they can’t activate B cell to make antibodies. With that advantage, HIV keep reproduce and more pathogen are in the body (Nowicki, 962) [Amy]. Our body has difficulty defending against HIV because HIV destroys all of the person health B and T cells (Nowicki, 963). [Cathy]
 * Some disease that our immune system can’t fight back because they weaken “our powerful superman” such as:**


 * See more facts about Immune system [<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[|Amy Facts about the Immune]] **

**<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; padding-right: 10px;">[|[Cathy Learn more about The Immune System from National Cancer Institute**]] ** <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">[|[Cathy The Immune System in More Detail]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">[|[Cathy Immune System from kidshealth.org]] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 10px; padding-top: 0px;">[|[Cathy The Immune Responses interactive animation]]

<span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"> <span style="display: block; line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.5in;"> Works Cited "Blood Cells." New York Methodist Hospital. Web. 15 May 2011. Castillo, Richard. "Immune Response." MindManager X5, 02 Oct. 2005. Web. 15 May 2011. Nowicki, Stephen. "Immune System and Disease." McDougal Littell Biology. Evanston, IL: McDougal Littell, 2008. 938+. Print. "Humoral Immune Response." //Biology @ Davidson//. Web. 15 May 2011. "Phagocyte." // The Journal of Experimental Medicine //. Web. 15 May 2011. "Images Immune System Diseases." Apr. 2009. Web. 15 May 2011. Willis, Bill. "Biological Viruses." Wunderland Website Design. Web. 15 May 2011.